\n\u2022 Level 2:<\/strong> Bacteria – intestinal mucosa interaction
\n\u2022 Level 3:<\/strong> Bacteria – host immune system interaction.<\/p>\n
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At the first level<\/strong>, bacteria interact with other bacteria, either\u00a0beneficial as pathogenic. At this level, the beneficial\u00a0bacteria and commensal establish symbiotic relationships\u00a0with other, but also release important substances such as\u00a0lactic acid and bacteriocins that allow them to control and\u00a0compete with the pathogenic flora.<\/p>\n At the second level<\/strong>, the microflora initiates the interaction\u00a0with the host throughout the intestinal microvilli.\u00a0In this sense, bacteria establish recognition between the\u00a0lipopolysaccharides present in the bacterial wall with the\u00a0receptors present in the membrane of the enterocytes.\u00a0This recognition is very important because it allows the\u00a0creation of beneficial interactions with immune intestinal\u00a0cells and allows the maintenance of mucosa integrity.<\/p>\n At the third level<\/strong>, bacteria contact with the host immune\u00a0system, thanks to the presence of the dendritic cells located\u00a0in the basal part of the intestinal mucosa. Dendritic\u00a0cells are the most powerful antigen presenting cells and\u00a0control the type of immune response to be established\u00a0(pro-inflammatory or regulatory), as well as its location\u00a0after making antigen presentation.<\/p>\n Dendritic cells are, therefore, very efficient in controlling\u00a0the delicate balance between tolerance and immunity in\u00a0an environment exposed to a huge quantity of antigens\u00a0as intestines are. Any factor affecting dendritic cells activity\u00a0can have an impact on its functionality, even in the development\u00a0of intestinal pathologies like celiac disease or inflammatory\u00a0bowel disease.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"